Eliza Haywood Actress and Writer

Known for:  18th century woman writer; established first periodical written by a woman for women Occupation:  writer, actressDates:  about 1693 to February 25, 1756 Eliza Haywood Biography: Her first biographer – also British – called her perhaps the most voluminous female writer this kingdom ever produced. An actress whose background is rather obscure -- or rather, for whom there are several possible versions of her background -- Eliza Haywood was the lover and companion of William Hatchett, a bookseller and actor, for more than twenty years, beginning in 1724.   He was the father of her second child. The two wrote several pieces collaboratively: an adaptation of a play and an opera.   She went by the name Mrs. Haywood and identified as a widow.   A Mr. Haywood has not been authoritatively identified.   Her older child was probably fathered by Samuel Johnson’s friend, Richard Savage, with whom she lived for a few years. She was likely born in Shropshire, England, though she may have been born in London. Earlier biographers had her married to a clergyman, Valentine Haywood, about 1710, and leaving him between 1715 and 1720. This was based on a notice in a 1720 paper about a woman who had eloped from her husband; the Rev. Mr. Valentine Haywood was giving notice he would not be responsible for the debts of his wife,  Elizabeth Haywood, from then forward.   There is now doubt that the notice was about the writer Mrs. Haywood. She was already known as Mrs. Haywood when she was first acting in Dublin in 1714. She worked in a Dublin theatre, Smock Alley Theatre, in 1717. In 1719, she began acting at Lincolns Inns Fields, a London location which included a Theatre from 1661 to 1848, known at that time as Lincolns Inns Fields Theatre. The first of Mrs. Haywords novels, Love in Excess, was published in 1719 in installments. She wrote many other stories, novellas and novels, mostly anonymously, including 1723s Idalia; or The Unfortunate Mistress. Her first play, A Wife to be Left, was staged in 1723 at Lincolns Inn Fields. Her 1725 book Mary, Queen of Scots combines fictional and non-fictional elements. In the 1730s, she worked with Henry Fielding’s Little Theatre.   A number of her plays in this period were political in nature. She sided with the Whigs against the Tories, putting her in the camp of Daniel Defoe and others; Alexander Pope wrote scathingly of her work.  A 1736 novella, Adventures of Eovaai, Princess of Ijaveo: A Pre-Adamitical History, was a  satire of the Prime Minister, Robert Walpole.   It was republished in 1741 with the alternative title The Unfortunate Princess, or The Ambitious Statesman. She also wrote criticism of contemporary drama.   Her 1735 The Dramatic Historiographer, which not only describes plays but evaluates them, was reprinted in 1740 as A Companion to the Theatre and expanded and republished in 1747 in two volumes.   It was republished in more editions of one or two volumes through 1756. In 1737, Parliament passed the Licensing Act, brought by Prime Minister Walpole, and she could no longer put on the satirical or political plays.   She focused on her other writing.   She wrote a manual of moral conduct and practical advice for servant women in 1743, published as A Present for a Servant Maid ; or, the Sure Means of Gaining Love and Esteem.  Ã‚   This maids manual was revised and republished in 1771, after her death, as A New Present for A Servant-Maid: containing Rules for her Moral Conduct, both with respect to Herself and her Superiors: The Whole Art of Cookery, Pickling, and Preserving, c, c. and every other Direction necessary to be known to render her a Complete, Useful and Valuable Servant. In 1744, Eliza Haywood began a monthly periodical for women, The Female Spectator, that was designed around the conceit of four women (all written by Mrs. Haywood) discussing such womens issues and conduct as marriage and children, and education and books.   It was unique for its time, a first, as it was written by a woman for women.   Another contemporary journal for women, Ladies Mercury, was written by John Dunton and other men.   The journal continued for four volumes, through 1746. Her 1744 book The Fortunate Foundlings plays with the idea of gender, showing how two children, one boy and one girl, experience the world quite differently. Her 1751  The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless  is a novel about a woman who escapes an abusive husband and lives independently, developing herself before  she marries again.   Patriarchal and impossible marriage advice in this book is put into the mouth of one Lady Trusty.   Unlike many novels of the time targeted for women readers, it was less about courtship than about marriage.   Betsy finally finds meaning in marrying well. In 1756 she wrote a pair of books in the popular genre of conduct books, on The Wife and The Husband.   She published The Wife using one of her personas from The Female Spectator, and then published the follow-up volume under her own name.   She also wrote The Invisible Spy, and published collections of her essays and editions of a new periodical she’d been publishing, Young Lady. Throughout her career, from at least 1721, she also earned income by translations.   She translated from the French and Spanish.   She also wrote poetry for most of her writing career. In October of 1755 she had become ill, and died the next February in her home.   At her death, she left two finished novels which had not yet been delivered to the printer. Also known as:  born Eliza Fowler Other early modern female writers:  Aphra Behn, Hannah Adams, Mary Wollstonecraft,  Judith Sargent Murray

Mitch Albom The Middle Child - 1475 Words

Mitch Albom is now considered a talented and vastly recognized author but before that he was very different. He was born on May 23, 1958 as the middle child to loving parents. He graduated, much like he states in his book that he graduated in 1979 from Brandeis University where he studied Sociology. But he never took a job in it instead he worked in writing and music. He took several jobs writing for several papers ranging from Sports Illustrated to The Philadelphia Enquirer before he landed a job in Detroit (Albom, About Mitch Albom). But this story takes place in an around 1995 when he reappears in the life of his old professor. In this time he is working for the paper there in Detroit. But he returns to the old place where he first meet Morrie Schwartz, an old professor when he was in college, to spend time with him because he is dying from ALS. Together the two of them met on Tuesdays till Morrie passes away and they talk about many things that Mitch was having trouble with, rang ing from love to death. I picked this piece for many reasons, the most important thing to me is that it teaches me something that I never actually thought on till I got them book and really got into it. I find the story about Mitch and Morrie a different outlook on dying. Just like them it was posed to my class when I first was introduced to it was given to me much like this, where someone, my teacher, just opened up with a short introduction and then read the first chapter to us. Then askedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mitch Alboms The Five People You Meet In Heaven1054 Words   |  5 Pagesin Heaven, though the life of Eddie, the mechanic at Ruby Pier, who believed that his life was pointless. However, when Eddie died, he was enlightened of the effects his life had on others. In the novel, The Five People You Meet in Heaven, by Mitch Albom, during his time in the military, Eddie realizes his impact on others through encounters in heaven with Captain and Tala. Furthermore, during his time in heaven, Eddie returns to his days stationed in the Philippines, and Eddie learns how he impactedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mitch Albom s Heaven 2805 Words   |  12 Pagespark than from a shark attack. The Five People You Meet in Heaven by Mitch Albom is about a tragic amusement park accident. It was Eddie’s 83rd birthday when something tragic happened. There was a malfunction with an amusement park ride and it came crashing down. As the ride began falling down, a little girl was standing under it crying. Eddie was on duty as a maintenance man when this happened, so he ran to try to save the child. Eddie then dies and goes to heaven. In heaven Eddie meets five peopleRead MoreThe United States, And The Life Of Mitch Albom2561 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction This essay will first provide historical context about the United States, and the life of Mitch Albom. This essay will then provide a brief summary of The Five People You Meet in Heaven by Mitch Albom. Finally, this essay will analyze Love and sacrifice in The Five People You Meet in Heaven, in order to support the idea that everyone in your life means something and is put there for a reason. Historical and Cultural Context The United States of America is the fourth largest countryRead MoreThe Glass Castle By Jeanette Walls1541 Words   |  7 Pageschild’s life. Jeannette Walls composes a memoir about her dysfunctional family and the struggles she and her siblings endured during their childhood and adolescent years. The events that take place shape Jeanette into the person she is today. Mitch Albom once stated that: â€Å"All parents damage their children. It cannot be helped. Youth, like pristine glass, absorbs the prints of its handlers. Some parents smudge, others crack, a few shatter childhoods completely into jagged little pieces, beyond repairRead MoreIndependent Reading Book Project1312 Words   |  6 PagesINDEPENDENT  READING  BOOK  PROJECT   Student  name:  Daniel   Period:  3   Title  of  the  Book:  The  Five  People  You  Meet  in  Heaven   Author:  Mitch  Albom   Genre:  P​ hilosophical  fiction  Ã‚   Pages:  1 ­196   Publishing  Company:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Hyperion  Books  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copyright  date:  2003   Standards:Reading  2.0Í ¾Ã‚  Writing  2.2      I. Describe  the  protagonist  (main  Characters)  of  your  book.   The  main  protagonist  is  an  old  man  named  Edie.  Edie  is  a  thick,  squat,  old  man  with  white   hair,  and  a  limpRead MoreEssay about Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide2884 Words   |  12 Pagesmatter what I do or say it is ineffective or not good enough, I cant trust people as one time they are nice and the next time they are mean. etc. If this model of self, others and the world and how things work is not corrected the result may be a child or adult that has low self-esteem, is overly dependent or independent, overreacts to situations, sabotages relationships, jobs and/successes, gives up easily, etc. Or an infant that receives consistent, responsive, attuned nurturing from his/her caregivers

Newsweek Free Essays

string(43) " of a hotel on Memphis earlier that month\." Sometimes, the more things change, the more they stay the same. This is true, at least to some degree, in the study of these articles. They deal with three issues: Politics, Race and Sports and Entertainment. We will write a custom essay sample on Newsweek or any similar topic only for you Order Now People are still interested in politics, though Congress, with a 14% approval rating, more people are annoyed than interested. However, the importance has not diminished. Also, race is still an issue. The 1964 and 1968 articles on race deal with the upcoming elections and how African Americans are expected to vote. Also, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr and the political undertones that they will carry is also heavy on the minds of the country. In sports, the Olympics and the Boston Marathon command small attention. What is seen as one of the biggest differences from the 1964 and 1968 Newsweek articles in comparison to the 2007 Newsweek, that that a larger percentage of the magazine in 2007, deals with Sports, Entertainment and popular culture. Even for such a respected magazine as Newsweek, the editors cannot escape the exponential increase in popular culture at the expense of real news, which the country seems to hunger for on an hourly basis. In the November 2, 1964 issue of Newsweek, the issue revolves around the Presidential election that is about to come later that week. The political tension is not as heavy as in past elections since everyone believes that the result will be a landslide. President Johnson is expected to beat Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater by a very large margin. Goldwater, a Republican, is hoping to court the morality vote and to point to Johnson as being soft on communism. President Johnson , in a speech in Belleville, IL talked about the dangers of nuclear war and that, like his predecessor before him, President Kennedy, believes that the next war will be one in which there are no survivors. â€Å"We would not gain total victory in the next war, but total destruction and the survivors would be the judges of the dead.† (Meyers, 1964 pg. 23) He is referencing the dangers of a nuclear war. The war in Vietnam is gaining strength and troop levels are rising. The article points to the promise that if elected, President Johnson would help to â€Å"avoid a war in South East Asia.† In reality, the exact opposite will come to fruition. Due to the fact that the election is near, the next issue of Newsweek, deals with the demographics of the voters and how they voted. Most findings will report that Johnson won most of the demographics since his margin of victory was 486 to 47 in electoral votes. It will remain as one of the most lopsided victories in American political history. What is interesting in this article entitled The Mood of an Avalanche, is the fact that African Americans, individuals who voted for the straight Republican ticket since Andrew Johnson, now voted overwhelmingly for President Johnson. It is reported that 96% of the African American voters voted for President Johnson. (Mulligan, 1964 pg. 24) This is due in part to the fact that Senator Goldwater courted the Segregationist vote in the South to such a degree that African Americans turned away from him in droves. In one Mississippi small town in which there counted only 257 voters, the article reports that all 257 voted for Johnson. This article is important in dealing with race and how it affects the voting demographics since African Americans will vote for the straight democratic ticket from now on. In Sports and Entertainment, the 1964 Olympics is proceeding. In a Newsweek article entitled The Gold Rush, the fact that the Americans are leading the medal total, is a story. However, one of the most famous stories revolved around the Native American runner Billy Mills. Movies would be made about this person. Born into poverty and enduring racism at every turn, Billy Mills would become a champion runner. His main event was the 10,000 meter run. During this event in the Olympics, Billy Mills was pushed by another runner onto the outside of the track. Usually, this serves as a great impediment to the runner. However, Mills, against the prevailing knowledge of track and field, once pushed, continues to run in the middle of the track on the middle lane. This forces Mills to run longer distances than his opponent. However, not only does Mills win, but he creates an Olympic record in the event in the process. It is the inspirational story for the18th Olympics. Fast forward to 1968 and the political scene still deals with President Johnson. However, things have not been going well for him. 1968 would be the year that saw more than 500,000 American troops in Vietnam. Clearly, President Johnson would not be the President to keep America out of the war. In a Newsweek article dated April 22, 1968, the fact that Robert Kennedy is running for President as well and has forced President Johnson to say that he will not run for the presidency that year. His tenure will end on January 20, 1969. The article talks about the influence that a number of different factors and how they will play into the election. The first is Robert Kennedy. The second is the Republican Candidate, Richard Nixon. â€Å"Nixon lost the 1960 election because the 1960 televised Presidential debate, left the country feeling as though Mr. Nixon was not as likable and trusting as John F. Kennedy.† (1968 pg. 32) The question now is, eight years later, how will television affect the election and how will Mr. Nixon respond. There is also a report in the article entitled Politics ‘68, what demographics will vote for which candidate. The demographics are divided into race, gender, religion, occupation and regions of the country. By the end of April, 1968, the country is still reeling from the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. He was killed on the balcony of a hotel on Memphis earlier that month. You read "Newsweek" in category "Essay examples" Riots in most of the country’s largest cities occurred and many people died. â€Å"The arithmetic of the week’s pillage was more than enough. Civil disorders raging from riots to random shop windows breaking, occurred in more than 130 cities and caused an estimated $5 million worth of damage. More than 20,000 arrests and endless injuries have been the result.† (Jules, 1968 pg. 47) 1968 was one of the hardest years for the American public to endure. The assassination of Martin Luther King was one of those reasons and added to the madness of the situation. Many wondered in the article where the Civil Rights movement would turn to next. What leader would take the reigns? To many, people are still asking the same question. In Sports, the 72nd Boston Marathon was reported as being under way in the April 29, 1968 issue of Newsweek. Out of a total of 890 runners, the winner boasted a winning time of 2 hours twenty two minutes and seventeen seconds. This was not a great time. However, it was run by an American, the first American to win the Boston Marathon since 1957. (Jones, 1968 pg. 38) His name was Ambrose Burfoot, aged 21. Burfoot beat all others by a sizable margin but not one which would endure posterity. However, the fact that Burfoot was an American, then as well as now, is an important note as it has been the running feats of foreigners which has dominated the winner’s circle at the Boston marathon. I In the January 8, 2007 edition of Newsweek, the main story is the death of Saddam Hussein. The once feared leader of Iraq who was found hiding in a spider hole in December of 2003, was finally put to death. The article entitled Death of a Tyrant, headlines the life and legend of the man and the reign of terror that he placed upon his people for so many decades. The article also speaks to the trouble which occurred from a secret video tape being smuggled out of the area where Saddam was killed. This was in direct opposition to the orders of both the American and Iraqi forces. Such images was believed to help incite riots among the enemy and was by a public relations point of view, counterproductive. Also, in politics, the death of President Ford was the news for the week as well. The article details the life of President Ford and how he was able to heal the country after the scandal of Watergate. The article finally gives credit to Ford by saying that pardoning President Nixon was the right thing to do as it helped the country to heal. In Race, the production of O.J. Simpson’s book If I Did It, produced such an outrage that production was stopped. A January 22, 2007 Newsweek article details this. This is a racial issue because the beliefs regarding his innocence or guilt for the 1994 death of his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ron Goldman, was so split on racial lines that it still incites controversy. More than 80% of white Americans believe that OJ is guilty and over 80% of African Americans believe that he is not. (Brunell, 2007 pg. 48) That is why anything that deals with OJ Simpson and the murders, is dealt with on racial lines. The fact that he wrote a book that served as a sort of quasi confession, enraged many Americans and forced his supporters to wonder if he really was guilty of the murders for which he was charged. In Sports and Entertainment, a sad story was detailed in the January 15, 2007 issue of Newsweek. In a time of divisive issues which help to split the country up into racial and political lines, Steve Irwin the Crocodile Hunter was an individual who everyone seemed to have a positive opinion about. His popular show detailed frequent run ins with some of the world’s most dangerous animals. Over the past few years, he had become highly popular and when speaking of the name of Steve Irwin, most people had a positive opinion of the man. This ended when a sting ray pierces through his heart and killed him. This served as important news all over the country as well as for the rest of the world. What is interesting to note, through a study of these three separate dates, is that many things still stay the same. There are more colorized pictures in the 2007 Newsweek and there are more articles designed towards Sports and entertainment in the 2007 Newsweek, but race and politics are still important. The 1964 and 1968 editions of Newsweek death with both. The elections in 1964 and 1968 served as some of the more important elections in the country’s history. How would the Vietnam War continue? Would the Civil Rights movement continue with the help of the White House and members of Congress? And if not, how would African Americans vote and who did they believe gave the best chance at equality? These issues are much the same in 2007. The Vietnam War has been replaced with the war in Iraq, although not nearly to the same degree as the Vietnam War. African Americans still vote the straight Democratic ticket. In 2000 and 2004, African Americans voted for the Democratic presidential candidate at a rate of more than 9 to 1. The same can be seen in the attempted release of the OJ Simpson book. If I did It. The news of this released such anger from most of the public and incited an argument which brought back, although to a much less degree, the racial tension that was caused from the famous trial and acquittal. WORKS CITED Decklan, M Death of a Tyrant   Newsweek. January 8, 2007 Jones, L. The Gold Rush. Newsweek October 26, 1964 pg. 13 Jules, J. The Death of Martin Luther King Newsweek. April 22, 1968 pg. 45 Kilmer, F Final Hunt for Steve Irwin. Newsweek January 15, 2007 Meyers. J Down to the Wire. Newsweek Magazine November 2, 1964 pg. 23-27 Mulligan, L. The Making of an Avalanche November 9, 1964 pg. 28-21 Nieves, D. OJ’s Troubles Continue Newsweek January 22, 2007 Stevens, K. American Wins Boston Marathon. April 29, 1968 pg. 32 RFK vs. LBJ? Newsweek April 29, 1968 pg. 12 How to cite Newsweek, Essay examples

Mark Twain Samuel Clemens or None of the Above Essay Example For Students

Mark Twain Samuel Clemens or None of the Above Essay Mark Twain was one of the most popular and well-known authors of the 1800’s. He is recognized for being a humorist. He used humor or social satire in his best works. His writing is known for â€Å"realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression† (Mark Twain 1). Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens on November 30, 1835. He was born on the Missouri frontier in a small log village called Florida. His parents had come to Florida from their former home in Tennessee (Unger 192). When Clemens was four, he moved with his family to Hannibal, Missouri, a port on the Mississippi River (Mark Twain 1). His father, who had studied law in Kentucky, was a local magistrate and small merchant (Unger 193). When Samuel was twelve, his father died. He was then apprenticed to two local printers (Unger 193). When he was sixteen, Clemens began setting type for the local newspaper Hannibal Journal, which his older brother Orion managed (Mark Twain 1). In 1853, when Samuel was eighteen, he left Hannibal for St. Louis (Unger 194). There he became a steam boat pilot on the Mississippi River. Clemens piloted steamboats until the Civil War in 1861. Then he served briefly with the Confederate army (Mark Twain 1). In 1862 Clemens became a reporter on the Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada. In 1863 he began signing his articles with the pseudonym Mark Twain, a Mississippi River phrase meaning â€Å"two fathoms deep† (Bloom 43). In 1865, Twain reworked a tale he had heard in the California gold fields, and within months the author and the story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, had become national sensations (Bloom 47). In 1867 Twain lectured in New York City, and in the same year he visited Europe and Palestine. He wrote of these travels in The Innocents Abroad. This book exaggerated those aspects of European culture that impress American tourists (Bain, Flora, and Rubin 103). Many claim that The Innocents Abroad is Mark Twain’s second-best book (Unger 198). In 1870 he married Olivia Langdon. After living briefly in Buffalo, New York, the couple moved to Hartford, Connecticut (Bain, Flora, and Rubin 104). Much of Mark Twain’s best work was written in the 1870’s and 1880’s in Hartford and during the summers at Quarry Farm, near Elmira, New York (Bain Flora and Rubin 104). It was at Quarry Farm that he wrote Roughing It in 1872, which recounts his early adventures as a miner and journalist. While vacationing in New York one summer in 1876 he wrote his most famous story of all. Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Bloom 50). It is about Tom Sawyer, who is a twelve-year-old boy who lives on the Mississippi River. He is mischievous, adventurous, and humorous. Tom is loved by readers around the world. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer brought Twain to the top of the best-seller’s list, where he remained for eight weeks (Unger 199). Mark Twain once said that he liked Tom Sawyer because â€Å"Tom represented eve rything that he had loved as a boy, and because if the world thought like Tom Sawyer, everyone would forget about their troubles and become happier people† (Kunitz 355). Twain wrote the sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1884. The sequel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered by many to be Twain’s masterpiece (Mark Twain 1). The book is the story of Tom Sawyer’s best friend, Huck. He flees his father, the town drunk, by raft down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave, Jim. The pair’s adventures show Huck and the reader the cruelty of which men and women are capable. Another theme of the novel is the conflict between Huck’s feelings of friendship with Jim, who is one of the few people he can trust, and his knowledge that he is breaking the laws of the time by helping Jim escape (Mark Twain 2). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which is almost entirely narrated from Huck’s point of view, is noted for its authentic language and for its deep commitment to freedom (Marshall 232). In 1884, Twain formed the firm â€Å"Charles L. Webster and Company† to publish his and other writer’s w orks. The most famous books published there were The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Personal Memoirs, which was written by American general and president Ulysses S. Grant (Mark Twain 2). A disastrous investment in an automatic typesetting machine led to the firm’s bankruptcy in 1894. A successful worldwide lecture tour and the book he wrote in 1897 based on those travels, Following the Equator, paid off Twain’s debts. .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .postImageUrl , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:hover , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:visited , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:active { border:0!important; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:active , .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468 .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude7c695397fd027543275fd37db8c468:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Clean WellLighted Place by Ernest Hemmingway EssayIn Mark Twain’s later years he wrote less, but he became a celebrity, frequently speaking out on public issues. He also came to be known for the white linen suit that he always wore when making public appearances (Unger 204). Twain received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1907. He died in 1910, at the age of 75. When Twain died, he left an uncompleted autobiography, which was eventually edited by his secretary, Albert Bigelow Paine, and published in 1924 (Mark Twain 2). Mark Twain is still credited as being a major influence by most writers today. His work is still popular and will live on fo r many years. Bain, Flora, and Rubin. Southern Writers: A Biographical Dictionary. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Bloom, Harold. Mark Twain. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kunitz, Stanley J., and Haycraft, Howard. American Authors 1600-1900:A Biographical Dictionary of American Literature. New York: H.W.Wilson Company, 1938. Marshall, Sara. America In Literature: The South. New York: Charles Scribner’sSon’s, 1979. â€Å"Twain, Mark†. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Unger, Leonard. American Writers IV: A Collection of Literary Biographies. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974. Bibliography:Works CitedBain, Flora, and Rubin. Southern Writers: A Biographical Dictionary. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979. Bloom, Harold. Mark Twain. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Kunitz, Stanley J., and Haycraft, Howard. American Authors 1600-1900:A Biographical Dictionary of American Literature. New York: H.W.Wilson Company, 1938. Marshall, Sara. America In Literature: The South. New York: Charles Scribner’sSon’s, 1979. â€Å"Twain, Mark†. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Unger, Leonard. American Writers IV: A Collection of Literary Biographies. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974.

Multiculturalism Essays - Discrimination, Identity Politics, Racism

Multiculturalism Our country was founded on the belief that all men are created equal. This was meant for everyone. When our country was founded, many different cultures existed in our land. We abused other cultures because we did not understand them. The United States today is much different. We are a ?melting pot? of cultures. Although our country was founded predominately by Caucasian males, our country today is run by men and women of all sorts of different ethnic backgrounds. This is why our country can be run so effectively. We understand many different cultures simply because we live with them everyday. Some argue that we need to keep people from being able to come into our country because they are not Americans. However, Americans are not defined by common race or ethnicity, but defined as a set of people who believe they are free and want to have a say in their government. If someone from any culture can considered American, multiculturalism has not exceeded the purpose for which it was int ended. In our constitution it states that "all men are created equal," our nation was built by more than one culture, and the intentions of the idea of multiculturalism are to make the world totally free of any type of bigotry or racism. The constitution, stating that all men are created equal, explains the general idea of multiculturalism. Every person has the opportunity to do whatever he or she wants with their lives and their families. The individual has the same rights as any other person in our country. Every person's rights and beliefs are also protected by the United States and each person can express themselves or advertise their culture. Bibliography: Bibliography Spencer, Aida Besancon. ?Being a stranger in a time of xenophobia.? Theology Today, 1998 Jan: 464-469 Periodical Abstracts 03719136 Solana, Javier. ?XVIth International NATO workshop.? Presidents & Prime Ministers, 1999 May/Jun: 14-15+ 01914633 Ballon, Marc. ?The melted pot.? Inc., 1999 Feb: 25-26 01768980 Wen Ming. ?Patriotism is not xenophobia.? Beijing Review, 1996 Nov 25-Dec 1: 8 Periodical Abstracts 03071235 Velikonja, Joseph ?American Xenophobia and the Slav Immigrant. A Living Legacy of Mind and Spirit.? International Migration Review, 1996 Fall: 822-823 Periodical Abstracts 02928408 Farrell, Christopher. ?Xenophobia and Jobs in Germany? Business Week (Industrial/Technology Edition), 1996 Apr 22: 30 Periodical Abstracts 02774766 Pena, Maritza. ?English-Only Laws and the Fourteenth Amendment: Dealing with Pluralism in a Nation Divided by Xenophobia.? The University of Miami inter-American Law Review, 1997 Fall Volume 29, Number 349: 1-2 Article First Hjerm, Mikael. ?National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries.? Acta Sociologica, 1998 Volume 41, Number 4: 335 Article First Keigher, Sharon M. ?National Health Line: America's Most Cruel Xenophobia.? Health & Social Work, 1997 Volume 22, Number 3: 232 Article First Echebarria, Echabe. A. ?Images of Immigrants: A Study on the Xenophobia and Permeability of Inter-group Boundaries.? European Journal of Social Psychology, 1996 Volume 26, Number 3: 341 Article First Owens, Kenneth N. ?Seeing the Elephant Through Yankee Spectacles? Reviews in American History, 1999 Volume 27, Number 1: 52-57 Project Muse Markus, Andrew. ?Attitudes Towards Immigration and National Identity: A Re- Awakening of Xenophobia Ethnic Times, 1999 Volume 7, Number 3: 39 Carl Uncover Wimmer, Andreas. ?Explaining Xenophobia and Racism: A Critical Review of Current Research Approaches.? Ethnic and racial studies, 1997 Jan 1 Volume 20, Number 1: 17 Carl Uncover Banton, Michael. ?The cultural determinants of xenophobia.? Anthropology today, 1996 April 1 Volume 12, Number 2: 8 Reddin, Mike. ?Danger Abroad! Our Concerns Are Often Another Display of Xenophobia.? Transitions Abroad, 1996 March 1 Volume 19, Number 5: 97 Gillespie, Mark. ?U.S. Public Changing Views On Immigration? Gallup News Service, 1999 March 16 The Gallup Organization, Princeton; Accessed Sunday, February 20, 2000 ?Candidates Thoughts on Race Issues? Associated Press, Washington Post Online, (Printed in Washington Post on Sunday, Feb. 20, 2000; 1:25 p.m. EST) ?On The Issues: Immigration? Associated Press, USA Today Online, 2000 Jan 19 "Bilingual Education." The Handbook of Texas Online, Accessed Sunday, February 20, 2000. (Originally printed in ?Handbook of Texas?) ?Adding and Subtracting- IMMIGRATION.? Dentzer, Susan. U.S. News, 1996 March 4

THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION essays

THE U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION essays The United States has recently elected a new president. The two frontrunners for the presidency were George Bush and Al Gore. It was a close race all way up to Election Day. There was some controversy over the ballads, which prolonged the election. In some states their had to be a recount to see who would win that states electoral votes. The question that most people ask is should their even be an Electoral College or should the president be elected by just popular vote. How should the United States elect its president? The president of the United State is an important person so the presidential election is treated as an important event, but is the president really elected by the people. Should the president be elected by popular vote only? If the people elect the president why shouldnt they tally-up the total votes of each candidate and whoever has the most votes is the president. But, that isnt the way things are done for example, this year presidential election the person who had the most popular votes didnt win the election. By election the president through electoral votes that allows the candidates to ignore the smaller states, who have less electoral votes than the big state, and focus on the bigger states that have more people. There are statistics that prove the candidates spend more of their time in the states that have the most amounts of people. A state is given its electoral votes by the amount of people there, which means the more people the more electoral votes it gets. One w ould think winning the popular vote would be a presidential candidates goal, but winning the popular vote would be in vein if the candidate doesnt have the most electoral votes. The Electoral College is the constitutional method of electing the president where each state selects a group of electors equal to the states representatives plus senators. So however many representatives a state has ad...

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance

Positive Reinforcement to Increase Academic Performance Reinforcement is the means by which behavior is increased. Also known as consequences, positive reinforcement adds something that will make it more likely the behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is when something is removed, it is more likely to continue. The Reinforcement Continuum Reinforcement happens all the time. Some reinforcement occurs because the item or activity is naturally reinforcing. At the highest end of reinforcement, reinforcers are social or intrinsic, such as praise or self-esteem. Young children, or children with low cognitive or social functioning, may require primary reinforcers, such as food or preferred items. During the course of instruction primary reinforcers should be paired with secondary reinforcers. Primary Reinforcers: Primary reinforcers are things that reinforce behavior that provide immediate gratification, such as food, water or a preferred activity. Often very young children or children with severe disabilities need primary reinforcers in order to be engaged in an educational program. Food can be a powerful reinforcer, especially preferred food, such as fruit or candy. Often young children with severe disabilities or very low social functioning are started with preferred foods, but they need to be paired with secondary reinforcers, especially praise and social interaction. Physical stimulation, like piggyback rides or airplane rides are primary reinforcers that pair the therapist or teacher with the reinforcer. One of the principal goals of a therapist or teacher is for the therapist or teacher to become a secondary reinforcer for the child. When the therapist becomes a reinforcer for the child, it becomes easier for the child to generalize secondary reinforcers, like praise, across environments. Pairing primary reinforcers with tokens is also a powerful way to replace primary reinforcers with secondary reinforcers. A student earns tokens toward a preferred item, activity or perhaps food as part of their educational or therapy program. The token is also paired with secondary reinforcement, like praise, and moves the child toward appropriate behavior. Secondary Reinforcers:  Secondary reinforcers are learned reinforcers. Awards, praise and other social reinforcers are all learned. If students have not learned the value of secondary reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, they need to be paired with primary reinforcers: a child earns a preferred item by earning stars. Soon the social status and attention that go with stars will transfer to the stars, and other secondary reinforcers like stickers and awards will become effective. Children with autism spectrum disorders lack an understanding of social interaction and do not value praise or other secondary reinforcement because they lack Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to understand that another human has emotions, thoughts and is motivated by personal self-interest. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder need to be taught the value of secondary reinforcers by having them paired with preferred items, food, and preferred activities. Intrinsic Reinforcement: The final goal of reinforcement is for students to learn to evaluate themselves and reward themselves with intrinsic reinforcement, the feeling a person gets from a job well done, for successfully completing a task. Still, we need to remember that people do not spend 12 years in college, medical school and residency just for the honor of being addressed as doctor. They are also hoping to earn the big bucks, and rightly so. Still, when intrinsic rewards accompany employment, as in being a special education teacher, they may compensate for some of the lack of status and income. The ability to discover intrinsic reinforcement in many activities that lead to the big bucks does, however, bode well for future success. Socially Valid Reinforcers Socially valid reinforcers refer to reinforcement schedules that are age appropriate. Seeking reinforcers that do not set students apart from typically developing peers in their age group is really part of providing FAPE- a Free, Appropriate Public Education- a legal underpinning of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 1994 (IDEIA.) For students in middle school or high school, putting Super Mario stickers on the backs of their hands is not age appropriate. Of course, students with the most difficult behavior, or those who do not respond to secondary reinforcement need to have reinforcers that can be paired with social reinforcement and faded as more socially acceptable reinforcement can take its place. Socially valid reinforcement can also help students understand what is cool or acceptable to typical peers. Rather than letting middle school aged students watch a Telletubbies video as a reinforcer, how about a National Geographic video about bears? Or perhaps anime cartoons? Identifying High Preference Reinforcers In order for reinforcement to be effective, it has to be something the student or students find reinforcing. Stars on a chart might work for typical 2nd graders, but not for second graders with a severe disability. They certainly wont work for high school students, unless they get to trade them for something they really want. There are several ways to discover reinforcers. Ask Parents: If you teach students who are not communicating, students with severe cognitive disabilities or autism spectrum disorders, you should be sure to interview parents before the students come to you, so you have some of their favorite things. Often offering a favorite toy for a brief period is a strong enough reinforcer to keep a young student on task.An Informal Preference Assessment: Lay a number of things that children of the same age enjoy playing with and watch what a student shows the most interest in. You may seek similar toys. Also, other items that have shown to be of interest, like toys that light up when you squeeze them, or accordion tubes that make noises when you pull them can be shown and modeled to students to see if they gain their attention. These items are available through catalogs that specialize in providing resources for children with disabilities, such as Abilitations.Observation: What does a child choose to use? What activities do they seem to prefer ? I had a child in an early intervention program who had a pet turtle. We had a nicely painted model turtle of vinyl, and he would work for an opportunity to hold the turtle. With older children, you will find they may have a Thomas the Tank Engine lunch bag, or a Cinderella Umbrella that they cherish, and Thomas and Cinderella may be good partners for reinforcement. Ask the Students: Find out what they find the most motivating. One way to do that is through Reinforcement Menus that  offer students things they can choose. When you collect them from a group, you can decide which items seem to be the most popular and arrange to make them available. A choice chart with the choices they have made can be very helpful, or you can create individual choice charts as I have for middle school students on the Autism Spectrum. If you want to control or limit the number of times they can make each choice (especially computer time, when you have limited computers for a large group) you could also make tickets with strips at the bottom to tear off, a little like the postings for used cars at the Laundromat.