The schematization of aesthetics was founded in Ancient times Free Essays

The schematization of style was established in Ancient occasions, which is showed in Plato and Aristotle’s methods of reasoning. Plato position on tasteful is negative since it can occupy the inborn idea of soul. In any case, his cynicism on style explicitly of expressions all in all is best spoken to in his guess that a workmanship â€Å"is threefold expelled from reality†. We will compose a custom article test on The schematization of feel was established in Ancient occasions or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Aristotle, then again, has positive note on style since he considers workmanship to be portrayal of Forms or of truth. From these two antiquated logicians, the discussion and conceptualization of feel has changed extraordinarily in various periods. Friedrich Nietzsche sets that style is a methods for protection, which means, excellence for him is embodied as far as life prolongation. Leo Tolstoy proposed that style depends on laborer creativity on the grounds that these laborers comprehend the excellence of life. The complexities of style have metamorphosized all through the movement of various civic establishments and ages of reasoning. In accordance with this, contemporary aestheticians like Jun’ichiro Tanizaki and Susanne K. Langer joined the fleeting trend to propel style epistemic perspectives. What's more, these contemporary scholars conceded to one point, that style or the valuation of excellence, just as, its complexities, subtleties and components, is significantly affected by geographic situating. This affirmation was reasoned from the way that in each period clever thought on feel grew wherein this period molded new discussions on the current subject. In summation, every period in theory enhanced new keys on the advancement of reasoning. In Tanizaki’s In Praise of Shadows, he compared Oriental aestheticism to Western aestheticism wherein he featured the criticalness of returning to the leftovers of the past in light of the fact that it filled in as the vital crossroads of each position on expressions. He contended that one must grasp his own style regardless of whether it is discolored and old since it is the forerunner of one’s culture and custom, and consequently, any idea of magnificence from remote culture must be dismissed inside and out since it can annihilate the intrinsic idea of one’s feel. This is noticeable in the character of Tanizaki in light of the fact that when he was only a maturing author he acknowledged Western aestheticism, which has affected his composition during those occasions, until he understood that he should speak to Japanese idea of expressions and magnificence through writing. Tanizaki guessed that the key note in Japanese idea of magnificence is established on the thoughts of shadow. The design diagram of customary Japanese profoundly epitomizes shadows showed through the calm and dim insides, which radiates a nostalgic climate because of the autonomous presence and nearness of shadows.â Tanizaki fortified his concept of shadow in the articulateness of magnificence as cleaned silverware, sanctuary latrines, kimonos, and Japanese stage, which are exceptionally influenced by the force of its dull range. In lieu to this, Tanizaki brought up that if light was applied on Japanese feel the entirety of its embodiment will lessen on the grounds that light is the characteristic of Western aestheticism, and similarly will occur if haziness was consolidated to Western expressions. His premise on the previously mentioned contentions is installed on his trustworthiness on the outline of Western culture and Japanese culture. As indicated by Tanizaki, Western residents in antiquated occasions offer significance to gold since it radiates unspeakable excellence when candlelight reflects it. Then again, Japanese individuals passionately loathe light since it uncovered the blemish of their own white skin. As indicated by Thomas J. Harper (interpreter of In Praise of Shadows), Tanizaki recognize Japanese aestheticism dependent on shadows since it shows an incredible yet wonderful respect and seriousness, which is inadequate in the brilliantly lit crafts of the West. Like Tanizaki, Langer likewise accepted that one’s impression of style is reliant of his geographic situating. At the main part of her book entitled Philosophy in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art, she characterized theory as â€Å"characterized more by the detailing of its issues than by its answers of them†[1], which infers that each gatherings or social orders see things in alternate points of view and in their impression of things, they have their own comprehension of what they see and have their own inquiries concerning it. Thusly, with regards to magnificence or feel authoritative construction, every general public has the power to place their own position about it, and for the most part their position is profoundly established in culture and custom. Tanizaki’s key of style is intelligently conceivable in Langer’s theory since she embraced a relativistic methods for understanding the idea of things and the possibility of the universe, in setting with feel. Be that as it may, Langer has her own insightful tendency on magnificence, wherein her key is talk and portrayal. For Langer, style communicates the emotive type of expressions through images and rationale. However, it must be noticed that she saw that the fundamental issue in communicating tasteful is the methods for communicating it. As indicated by her, music has a level of mind-set or feeling towards the importance of life wherein it speaks to a type of epistemic valuation and truth. This music that epitomizes a specific sentiment of simply detectable issues can be communicated in incalculable habits, yet the performer needs to make sense of which way since wrong decision of way will obliterate the substance of its feeling and its virtue. In all, Langer considered way of thinking to be never-endingly advancing, just as style, on the grounds that diverse ages have either found or made another key to clarify the universe. She implied that the fruitfulness of new keys in the philosophical domain will consistently exists since human comprehension is naturally transformational. Dissimilar to most thinkers like Bertrand Russell who contended that clever thoughts in theory is incomprehensible in light of the fact that what is left to mankind is to reuse old methods of reasoning, Langer accepted that the pasts has impacted on our present cogito however it doesn't really follow that it will shape the current scene of philosophizing. The fact of the matter is that man’s reasonability isn't fixed; along these lines present and group of people yet to come can find or make another theme of scholarly intercourse, which will in the long run characterize the way of thinking of their period. Tanizaki and Langer’s ways of thinking on style are huge as a result of its ability and receptiveness to the chance of new keys, as far as new viewpoints and speculations. It expands the skyline of philosophical endeavor since new plans and conceptualizations are bound to acknowledgment. The main threat on their position on the idea of â€Å"new keys† is that it endangered the all inclusiveness of things, explicitly of feel or excellence. Their propose that feel valuation depends on geographic situating or ward of one’s social develops inhales relativism, which means, each viewpoint on stylish is sound and substantial, or to lay it out plainly â€Å"beauty is in the eye of the beholder†. Also, more regrettable, the nature of style appears to be difficult to be uncovered as a result of differing observations on it. REFERENCE: Langer, Susanne K. Theory in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art third version ed: Harvard University Press, 1957. Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows. Trans. Charles Moore, Edward G. Seidensticker and Thomas J. Harper: Leetes Island Books 1980. [1] Langer, Susanne. Theory in a New Key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite, and Art.  Harvard University Press, 1957 p.4. Step by step instructions to refer to The schematization of style was established in Ancient occasions, Essay models

Executive Summaries Essay Example for Free

Official Summaries Essay The official synopsis is generally no longer than 10% of the first archive. It very well may be somewhere in the range of 1-10 pages in length, contingent upon the reports length. Official synopses are composed truly for an official who in all likelihood DOES NOT have the opportunity to peruse the first. †¢Executive synopses make a suggestion †¢Accuracy is fundamental since choices will be caused dependent on your outline by individuals who to have not perused the first †¢Executive rundowns as often as possible sum up more than one report Types of Summaries Synopses written so as to suggest a particular strategy are official outlines. Synopses that feature the significant purposes of a long piece are called abstracts. The motivation behind a theoretical is to permit perusers to choose whether or not they need to peruse the more drawn out content. View our Writing Guide about Abstracts Standard outline just alludes to a rundown of somebody elses distributed work and is composed for an assortment of purposes. View our Writing Guide about Standard Summaries Procedures for Writing an Executive Summary Official outlines are ordinarily composed for longer reports. They ought not be composed until after your report is done. Prior to composing your outline, have a go at: †¢Summarizing the significant areas of your report. You may even duplicate content from your report into the outline and afterward alter it down. †¢Talking so anyone might hear or even copying yourself summing up segments of your report. Inquiries to Pose to Yourself as You Write †¢What is your report about? †¢Why is it significant? †¢What is remembered for the report? †¢What is remembered for each segment? Brief Statement As a spread sheet to your record, an official synopsis need not go into ANY notice of how you led your investigation and additionally what youre putting together your decision with respect to. Rather, start with a compact articulation of the end you came to in the wake of directing your investigation or potentially research is the paper that will be joined. For instance, after an examination of what different schools like CSU do about close to home calls for personnel, you infer that the CSU is charging for calls most different organizations don't. How you word the end will vary contingent upon your crowd and what they care generally about. The accompanying models represent how the wording must change given a crowds needs. Model One Colorado State should cease the act of charging workforce for individual calls. This is a genuine model if the individuals you work for are just inspired by this issue. It starts with a synopsis of ends in regards to just the CSU populace. Model Two Since I have discovered that over 75% of tantamount foundations don't charge for individual calls, I have reasoned that our workforce is supported in protesting this training which ought to be viewed as an advantage for our personnel. This sentence gives pointless data about different organizations and additionally why the workforce think they have the right to have these calls paid for. Your perusers can get that data from the report. Further, the utilization of I is superfluous since your perusers definitely realize who composed the report. Composing Recommendations Subsequent to starting with a rundown proclamation of your discoveries, the official synopsis ought to proceed to give a particular proposal to activity intended for your crowd. For instance, the report on charging for individual calls was mentioned by the presidents office, not the individual divisions and universities who really decide strategy. Thus, the proposal for activity is designed for what the presidents office ought to do, not different divisions included. To study composing suggestions: After summing up the whole article and additionally research report(s), an executiveâ summary closes with an a couple of line proposal for activity. Straightforward Formula Official synopses every now and again utilize transitional expressions to typify the first data in a similar sentence as the proposal. The configuration can nearly be imagined as an equation: [transitional word] + [concise articulation of data gave in summary], I suggest that [corporation, office, individual in question] do [recommendations]. Increasingly Complex Recommendations In different cases, the proposal may be sufficiently confounded to legitimize an outline of reasons for the suggestion. For this situation, the proposal passage generally starts with a synopsis of how the author arrived at the suggestion. Model Susies Cookies started as an independent venture in Cleveland, Ohio which has extended to incorporate 45 stores all through the Midwest. Plans have just been founded to grow deals across the country, utilizing a similar shopping center idea promoting technique which has demonstrated effective in the Midwest. Regardless of these plans, Susies Cookies might be at risk for liquidation. Susies quadrupled its deals in the last two quarters, understanding a benefit of $750,000 in the present year, an expansion of $250,000 over the earlier year, because of its increment in promoting. To acknowledge comparable deal figures across the country, nonetheless, it is anticipated that promoting costs will increment by 200% for the initial two years of the national extensions. Further, development costs for the new stores are assessed to be 20 million dollars. The aftereffect of expanded promoting and development costs will put a generous obligation trouble on Susies treats, an expected $750,00 to 1 million per year. Given that deals didn't arrive at current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been working for a long time, anticipated deals broadly won't spread extension costs. Therefore, Susies Cookies is probably going to show lost nearly $2 million for at any rate the following five years. Because of the high notice and improvement expenses of national extension. Susies Cookies will most likely be unable to keep working together later on. Consequently, I suggest that Mrs. Fields doesn't take an interest in the threatening takeoverâ under thought in light of the fact that the danger of rivalry won't be figured it out. Defense At long last, an official synopsis gives an examination and additionally defense for the proposed activity in wording the crowd will think about significant. As a rule, this may include a money related investigation as in the guide to one side, however activities can be advocated numerous ways, contingent upon the worries of the crowd and the subject of the report (for example for CSU these might remember increment for understudy learning, better relationship with the network, and so on) support for the proposal by alluding to data summed up. A recommendation㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s avocation is generally founded on a reference to material previously gave in the outline. In different cases, the support for the suggestion may be sufficiently convoluted to legitimize a synopsis of foundations for the avocation. For this situation, the suggestion passage normally starts with a rundown of how the author arrived at the resolution that prompts the legitimization. Model Justification In view of the present number and length of significant distance individual calls by workforce, such a proposition would cost the college $150,000 every year. In contrast with the general financial plan, this is a modest quantity, however one which may pay for itself as far as staff fulfillment and conceivable enrollment benefits. Model Susies Cookies started as an independent company in Cleveland, Ohio which has extended to incorporate 45 stores all through the Midwest. Plans have just been organized to grow deals across the country, utilizing a similar shopping center idea showcasing system which has demonstrated fruitful in the Midwest. Notwithstanding these plans, Susies Cookies might be at risk for insolvency. Susies quadrupled its deals in the last two quarters, understanding a benefit of $750,000 in the present year, an expansion of $250,000 over the earlier year, because of its expansion in publicizing. To acknowledge equal deal figures across the nation, in any case, it is anticipated that promoting costs will increment by 200% for the initial two years of the national extensions. Further, development costs for the new stores are assessed to be 20 million dollars. The consequence of expanded publicizing and development costs will put a significant debtâ burden on Susies treats, an expected $750,00 to 1 million every year. Given that deals didn't arrive at current levels in the Midwest until the 45 stores had been working for a long time, anticipated deals broadly won't spread extension costs. Subsequently, Susies Cookies is probably going to show lost nearly $2 million for at any rate the following five years. Because of the high notice and advancement expenses of national extension. Susies Cookies will most likely be unable to keep working together later on. In this way, I suggest that Mrs. Fields doesn't take an interest in the antagonistic takeover viable on the grounds that the danger of rivalry won't be figured it out. Model Executive Summary The Mountain Resort charges underneath normal rental rates. (succinct proclamation of discoveries) The appended report suggests a 20% expansion in cost for the accompanying hardware: 1. downhill skis, 2. telemark skis, 3. boots/shoes for downhill, telemark, and crosscountry skis. (explicit proposal for activity) Based on normal rental business for 1992-1995, these increments would create a yearly rental benefit for Mountainview of $750,000. This figure speaks to a general increase of $150,000 over current rental profits.(justification for proposed activity) Additional Resources Other Writing Guides are accessible to assist you with composing official rundowns. Pick any of the accompanying for more data: †¢Purpose †¢Audience †¢Organization

Profile and Common Characteristics of a Pedophile

Profile and Common Characteristics of a Pedophile Pedophiliaâ is a mental issue where a grown-up or more established immature is explicitly pulled in to little youngsters. Pedophiles can be anybody old or youthful, rich or poor, taught or uneducated, non-expert or proficient, and of any race. Be that as it may, pedophiles frequently exhibit comparable qualities. These are simply markers and it ought not be expected that people with these attributes are pedophiles. Be that as it may, information on these attributes combined with faulty conduct can be utilized as a ready that somebody might be a pedophile. Profile and Behavior Regularly male and more than 30 years of age.Single or with not many companions in his age group.Some have dysfunctional behavior, for example, a state of mind or character disorder.If wedded, the relationship is more partner based with no sexual relations in the early stages.Vague about delays in work which may demonstrate a misfortune in work for faulty reasons or conceivable past incarceration.Often converse with or treat youngsters like grown-ups. Interests and Hobbies Regularly intrigued with kids and kid exercises, seeming to favor those exercises to grown-up situated activities.Often allude to youngsters in unadulterated or other-worldly terms utilizing clear words like blameless, brilliant, divine, unadulterated, and different words that depict kids yet appear to be wrong and exaggerated.Hobbies are virtuous, for example, gathering famous costly toys, keeping reptiles or outlandish pets, or building plane and vehicle models. Explicit Age Targets Explicit period of youngster they focus on; some favor more youthful kids, some older.Often his condition or an uncommon room will be improved in kid like stylistic layout and will engage the age and sex of the kid he is attempting to entice.Often incline toward kids near pubescence who are explicitly unpracticed, yet inquisitive about sex. Connections Much of the time, the pedophileâ turns out to be somebody known to the kid through school or another action, for example, a neighbor, educator, mentor, individual from the ministry, music teacher, or sitter. Relatives like moms, fathers, grandmas, granddads, aunties, uncles, cousins, stepparents, etc may likewise be sexual stalkers. Business The pedophile will frequently be utilized in a place that includes every day contact with youngsters. If not utilized, he will set himself in a place to accomplish charitable effort with youngsters, frequently in an administrative limit, for example, sports training, physical game guidance, unaided coaching or a position where he has the chance to invest solo energy with a kid. The pedophile frequently searches out bashful, incapacitated, and pulled back youngsters, or the individuals who originate from pained homes or oppressed homes. He at that point showers them with consideration, blessings, provoking them with excursions to alluring spots like entertainment meccas, zoos, shows, the sea shore, and other such places. Pedophiles work to ace their manipulative abilities and frequently release them on upset kids by first turning into their companion, assembling the childs confidence. They may allude to the youngster as exceptional or develop, speaking to their should be heard and comprehended, to then allure them with grown-up exercises with sexual substance like x-evaluated films or pictures. Preparing like this frequently obliges utilization of liquor or medications to hamper the capacity to oppose or review occasions that happened. Minor kids can't assent, and sex without assent is assault. capture-bonding It isn't unordinary for the kid to create affections for the predator and want their endorsement and proceeded with acknowledgment. They will bargain their intrinsic capacity to decode great and awful conduct, at last advocating the lawbreakers awful conduct out of compassion and worry for the grown-ups government assistance. This is regularly contrasted with Stockholm Syndrome-when casualties become appended sincerely to their captors. Fellowship With Parents Ordinarily pedophiles will build up a cozy relationship with a solitary parent so as to draw near to their youngsters. Once inside the home, they have numerous chances to control the kids utilizing blame, dread, and love to befuddle the youngster. On the off chance that the childs parent works, it offers the pedophile the private time expected to mishandle the youngster. Retaliating Pedophiles take a stab at following their objectives and will calmly work to create associations with them. It isn't exceptional for them to be building up a not insignificant rundown of potential casualties at any one time. A large number of them accept that what they are doing is right and that engaging in sexual relations with a youngster is really solid for the kid. Practically all pedophiles have an assortment of sex entertainment, which they secure no matter what. Huge numbers of them additionally gather gifts from their casualties. They once in a while dispose of either their pornography or assortments in any way, shape or form. One factor that neutralizes the pedophile is that in the long run the youngsters will grow up and review the occasions that happened. Frequently pedophiles are not brought to equity until such time happens and casualties are incensed by being exploited and need to shield other youngsters from similar results. Laws, for example, Megans Law-a government law went in 1996 that approves nearby law requirement organizations to advise people in general about sentenced sex wrongdoers living, working or visiting their networks, have helped uncover the pedophile and permits guardians to all the more likely secure their youngsters.

Antiquated Nemesis free essay sample

A top to bottom investigation of the novel The Rebel by Albert Camus. This paper looks at Albert Camus epic The Rebel. The paper talks about the philosophical ideas that are available in Camus composing and supports these thoughts with different savants composing, for example, Thomas Paine and Nietzsche. This paper is very much looked into and composed at an elevated level by uniting reasoning and writing. List of chapters I. A Child Prometheus: The Irrelevancy of Antiquity II. The Post-Apocalyptic Reflecting God III. The Monkey, the Man, Then the Gun: A Perusal of Modern Philosophy IV. The Meridian: The Atom of Eden The Rebel, by Albert Camus, is an unmistakably present day book. There is next to no composed here that would have been protective, or even intelligible, in the light of the world as it was only 200 years prior. This is a book lit up by the educated by the libraries of Nuremberg and enlightened by the flames of St. We will compose a custom paper test on Outdated Nemesis or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Petersburg and Hiroshima. It takes a large portion of its topic from the savvy and enthusiastic scrutiny and examination of the best works of sentimentalism, agnosticism, and unrest in reasoning, craftsmanship, and history. It looks to understand and incorporate physical and mystical history, yet with the whole objective of rising above it. Thus there is no arrangement of lessons introduced, no work of art or reasoning depicted, which isn't taken with an affectionately amusing grain of salt, drew nearer with amazement as well as a declaration of trembling delay. This extraordinary segregation is applied as definitely and tenderly to Nietzsche and the Bible, and even stretches out its light to the traditional works of which Camus is clearly so affectionate.

Prerogative Has Been Abused Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Right Has Been Abused - Essay Example It isn't amazing along these lines to observe administrators firing representatives in any capacity whatsoever they esteem fit, in some cases putting together their choices with respect to unadulterated separation and ‘whistle-blowing’. This to a great extent makes struggle in the working environment (Price, 2007). Various reports demonstrate that a decent number of chiefs display badgering to their subordinates, some sexual in nature. No big surprise, various acts and bits of enactments, the world over, disallow oppressive badgering including lewd behavior (Frankaro, 2007). The other zone where administrators appear to violate their limits is in the executives of client relationship and representative collaboration. Identified with this is setting bottlenecks of employees’ correspondence with customers and once in a while inside themselves, custom-made around the ‘ebb and flow’ of correspondence as characterized by the administration. At times, direc tors intentionally or unwittingly repress the progression of correspondence between laborers to advance witch-chasing and cause instigation. The majority of them are not aware of the crucial prerequisite related with this and once in a while base their dread and guarded activity on their weaknesses and feeling of inadequacy (Gollan, 2005). Activities of certain businesses spoke to by the administrators are de-rousing to representatives. Miniaturized scale the executives is an issue that numerous representatives hate. The training at times emerges from the worry of most chiefs to have points of interest smaller than usual subtleties, and strain to convey results inside a specific absurd course of events (Gennard, 2006). Much as it has been contended that micromanagement is compelling to bring lethargic and delaying representatives without hesitation, intermittently, micromanagements could be founded on unadulterated feeling of inadequacy and other arrangement of frailties or as a pro cedure to excuse a worker. All together... The chiefs subordinate relationship can be portrayed as acceptable and terrible. Representatives are worn out on being tormented at the work-spot and micromanagement accomplishes more underhanded than great. The answer for development, in any case, lies in administrators making a move to upgrading the friendly relationship. The assignment of obligations is significant. These will encourage a profoundly profitable and hotter work environment that guarantees representatives acknowledgment and positive endorsing. The other way unquestionably is encouraging customary gatherings among representatives and chiefs, too guaranteeing that correspondence between the two is advanced. representatives become bashful in taking activities and causing penances since they to feel that whatever they do isn't decidedly authorized. To the Manager, walling-up, and closing down his exertion turns into the request for the day since she/he will harbor the conviction that nobody tunes in. Strikingly, practice s of directors such harassing has prompted occurrences of physical encounters and brutality in the work environment. Bernadi, for instance, reports a case a prominent viciousness of one Pierre Lebrun, who was working at OC Transport in Ottawa, Mexico, where the representative shot individuals, with five of them supposedly biting the dust, and him eventually ending it all.

Why cant I find a job What should new graduates do when they cant find the jobs theyve dreamed of

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Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone Essay - 4675 Words

Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone (Thesis Proposal Sample) Content: A Discussion on the Relationship between Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction inNigeria, Ghana and Sierra LeoneName of Student:Institution:Relationship between Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in West AfricaCHAPTER ONEThis chapter is aimed to present the introduction of the research. It will address and discuss research background and rationale in relevant issues regards to research topic. The chapter also identified aims and the significant of the study. 1 IntroductionIn any household in an economy, whether based on agricultural subsistence production, civil employed or as a businessperson, they all derive their income from work. The intuition that jobs matter for development has not been lost on the governments of low income countries and the vast majority of national development strategies look to employment generation as a major channel for poverty reduction.The ability of a state to provide citizens with employment opportunities is crucial for reduction of poverty and also raising of standards of living of the community involved. Job creation has remained as a major challenge to most developing countries across the world. This can be attributed to high population growth and low industrialization rate. A stable economic growth greatly underpins a persistent reduction of poverty levels in a country.This paper aims to bridge some of the gap between an intuitive understanding that employments opportune are crucial for poverty reduction and a lack of empirical studies to demonstrate the nature of this relationship. The main objective study of this research is to provide policy-makers and analysts with the tools by which to understand the interaction between growths, changes in both the number and the quality of jobs, and poverty reduction and to devise appropriate policy responses. The research is mainly based on the following objectives. 1 Research QuestionsThe main research questions of the study are the following. * Are there some relat ionships between economic growth and Poverty in select West African Countries? * What is the structure and trends of economic growth in select West African countries? * What is the structure and trends of poverty in select West African countries? * What is the impact of economic growth on poverty in Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone respectively? 1 2 Research ObjectivesThe overall objective of this study is to establish, estimate and critically analyze the relationship between economic growth and poverty in the three select West African countries of Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone. The Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s specific objectives are to: 1 Discover if there is any relationship between economic growth and poverty in select West African Countries. 2 Investigate the structure and trends of economic growth in the select West African countries. 3 Discover the structure and trends of poverty in select the West African countries. 4 Examine the impact of economic growth on poverty inÂNigeria, G hana and Sierra Leone respectively. 2 3 Research HypothesisThe following hypothesis will be tested: * There is no relationship between economic growth and poverty in any of the select West African countries. * Economic growth does not have a structure or a trend in any of the select West African countries. * Poverty does not have a structure or a trend in any of the select West African countries. * Economic growth has no significant impact on poverty in any of the select West African Countries.CHAPTER TWO 2 Literature ReviewEconomic growth is directly proportional to poverty reduction (Antwi, Mill, Mills Zhao, 2013: Ackah Aryeetey, 2012; De Almeida Silva, 2009). This research is based on three major aspects of economic and poverty reduction. Economic growth can be described as the increase in the ability of an economy in the production of goods and services within a specified period of productivity (Acemoglu, 2012). Economic growth can be determined by various micro and macro-ec onomic tools like the rate of inflation, employment and poverty levels among others. In making comparisons in economic growth, emphasis is placed on various economic aspects like GDP and per capita income (Ackah Aryeetey, 2012). In profiling economic growth in Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, there should be an insight into the changes in productivity of goods and services, the changes in employment rates and the dynamics in demographic (Osamwonyi Kasimu, 2013). An upsurge in productivity and employment rates in these countries is enough evidence of economic growth (Lee Saez, 2012).As employment increases, there is a likely-hood that there will be a massive reduction of poverty in the mentioned countries (De Almeida Silva, 2009). Consequently, increase in productivity will see more products in the market translating to more income for the poverty stricken population thus elevating their status. Diversification of products and broadening of the markets will also ensure that there is no influx of products in the marketing thus maintaining a higher income (Ackah Aryeetey, 2012).It is important to highlight the fact that these three factors that contribute to economic growth and ultimately poverty reduction are interrelated and interdependent on one another and as such their occurrence must be coherent. To realize an increase in employment for instance, opportunities must be created. These opportunities can be created by increasing productivity of services and goods since industries across the economy will require additional labour. More employment on the other hand translates back to more and more productivity.Dwelling on the three factors that help measure economic growth and poverty reduction, there is a clear indication that there are sectors of the economy that play a part in fuelling economic growth. The sectors that are likely to have a direct impact in the region on the economy include education, manufacturing industry, legal sectors, trade and the tr ansport sector (Osamwonyi Kasimu, 2013).Quality education breeds a skilled population who create employment for other unskilled personnel; they foster research and devise ideas that hasten economic growth. Agriculture is a major producer which employs many people. Policies that govern trade, labour and agriculture therefore greatly influence economic growth (Jorge Salazar-Carrillo, 2007). 3 Theoretical LiteratureThe state of economy in any country determines the political and social well-being of the citizens, and the same can be said in the cases of West African Countries. In this study the three sample countries with varied factors will be used in the study. In order to understand the dynamics and the stages of economic growth in these countries, it is important to look at a number of theories that explain how economies grow (Ackah Aryeetey, 2012). The theories are discussed below. 1 Adam Smithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Growth TheoryAccording to Adam Smith, the growth of an economy is determ ined by three factors which are land, labour and capital. His production function could thus be summed as Y= (K, L, N) where K is capital, L is Labour force and N for land (Kurz, 2012). According to Adam Smith, labour force is essential in production. In order for the labour force to grow, there had to be a preceding growth in the population. For the population to grow, Smith argues that there has to be funds that can sustain that population. This, therefore, creates an implication that the size of the wage is determines not only the growth of the population but the availability of the labour force. Smith also argues that it is imminent for a country to have accumulated enough capital in order to boost economic growth. Without investment then the growth rate would be stagnant (Ackah Aryeetey, 2012).Land is an essential factor of production this is because, agriculture, infrastructure and natural resources are all held within the land (Ayanwale, 2007). Nigeria has been able to utili ze oil as a natural resource and it has had a great impact on the economy. It is also a practical aspect that without much input in terms of capital, there is likely to be low returns. It is also a popular trend that the work force will always seek to work in areas where there are high wages and this explains why there is a brain drain in the developing countries (Lee Saez, 2012). More people are seeking employment in the developed countries as they offer better wages. The overall reason why Sierra Leone exhibits low economic growth is the lack of production. Land which should be used for production is held and not optimized by a few people.According to smith Land, Capital and Labour are essential major factors of production (Davis, 2005). Scholars have also added that output of these factors keep reducing once additional inputs related to the factors are introduced. He quotes the example of land argues that ultimately, the output of land decreases with time due to overexploitation . Though technology serves to reduce the effect that exploitation has on land, it only serves to delay the decline in its marginal production (Ayanwale, 2007).Diminishing marginal productivity seems to have been received well as a modification to Smithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s theory. There have been reports of oil well drying up in some parts of Nigeria due to overexploitation thus leading to a decline in the productivity of land as a factor of production (De Almeida Silva, 2009). Without proper checks, agricultural land also reduces the volumes of production depending on the number of years it has been use (Chimobi, 2014). 2 Determinants of Economic Growth (Classical Theory)This theory best illustrates the situation in the three nations. I believe the theory is well and fundame...